Abstract: A summary of the research study, including its purpose, methods, results, and conclusions.
Anecdotal Evidence: Non-scientific observations or stories that do not provide proof but may provide insight.
Anova (Analysis of Variance): A statistical method used to compare means across multiple groups to determine if there are significant differences among them.
Bias: Systematic errors introduced into sampling or testing that can affect the validity of the results.
Bibliography: A list of the sources referenced in the research.
Case Study: An in-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual.
Citation: A reference to a source of information.
Causality: The relationship between cause and effect, indicating that one event (the cause) directly influences another event (the effect).
Confounding Variable: An external variable that can influence both the dependent and independent variables, potentially skewing the results.
Construct Validity: The degree to which a test measures the concept it is intended to measure.
Control Group: In an experiment, the group that does not receive the treatment being tested, used as a benchmark to measure how the other tested subjects do.
Data: Factual information used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation.
Data Triangulation: Using multiple data sources or methods to increase the validity of research findings.
Dependent Variable: The variable being tested and measured in an experiment.
Ethics: Moral principles that govern the conduct of research, ensuring honesty, integrity, and fairness.
Grounded Theory: A qualitative research method aimed at theory development through the systematic collection and analysis of data.
Hypothesis: A tentative statement predicting a relationship between variables that can be tested.
Independent Variable: The variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment to test its effects on the dependent variable.
Literature Review: A comprehensive survey of publications in a specific field of study, providing an overview of current knowledge, theories, and findings.
Longitudinal Study: Research that involves repeated observations of the same variables over long periods.
Methodology: The systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study.
Meta-Analysis: A statistical technique that combines the results of multiple studies to identify patterns or overall effects.
Operationalization: The process of defining variables in practical, measurable terms.
Paradigm: A framework of theories, methods, and standards that guides research within a specific discipline.
Path Analysis: A statistical technique used to describe the directed dependencies among a set of variables.
Peer Review: The evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competencies as the work's producers.
Phenomenology: A qualitative research approach that focuses on the lived experiences of individuals and the meanings they attach to those experiences.
Population: The entire group of individuals or instances about whom the research is concerned.
Qualitative Research: Research that explores phenomena through non-numerical data like interviews, surveys, and observations.
Quantitative Research: Research that focuses on numerical data and statistical analysis to explain phenomena.
Random Sampling: A sampling method where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
Reliability: The degree to which research consistently yields the same results under the same conditions.
Research Design: The overall strategy used to integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way.
Sample: A subset of the population selected for study.
Sampling Bias: A bias in which a sample is collected in such a way that some members of the intended population are less likely to be included than others.
Sampling Error: The error caused by observing a sample instead of the whole population.
Statistical Significance: The probability that the observed results are not due to chance.
Structural Equation Modeling (SEM): A statistical technique that tests the relationships between multiple variables simultaneously.
Thematic Analysis: A method used in qualitative research to identify and analyze themes or patterns within qualitative data.
Theory: A system of ideas intended to explain something, based on general principles independent of the phenomena to be explained.
Validity: The extent to which a concept, conclusion, or measurement is well-founded and corresponds accurately to the real world.
Variance: A statistical measure of the spread between numbers in a dataset, indicating the degree of variability from the mean.
Z-Score: A statistical measurement that describes a value's relationship to the mean of a group of values, expressed in terms of standard deviations.
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