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Citation, Plagiarism & AI

Information and guidance for citation and avoiding plagiarism.

Quick Guide

APA Style: Citation Quick Guide

References Page: Put the reference list on a separate page at the end of your paper. The title, References, should be centered at the top; do NOT bold, underline, or use quotation marks.

Note: All sources that are cited in the body of the paper must also appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

Books

Author, A. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle. Location: Publisher.

Logue, A. W. (2014). The psychology of eating and drinking. New York, NY: Routledge.

Articles in a Scholarly Journal 

Basic format with DOI 

Author, A., Author, B., & Author, C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), pages. doi

Otsuki, K. (2014). Social economy of quality food. International Journal of Social Economics, 41(3), 233-243. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-11-2012-0205

Note: APA does not require database information; instead use a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). If there is no DOI, use the database link or the URL of the website.

In-Text Citations

Author-date style: put the author's last name and the year of publication in parentheses in the text. For direct quotes add the page number. The complete citation is in the reference list at the end of the paper.  Each reference cited in the text must appear in the reference list; each source in the reference list must be cited in the text. 

Parenthetical Citation: Put a reference to the work cited in parentheses after a quote or paraphrase.

“Our daily decisions about eating - what, when, and how much to consume - are influenced by a complex set of factors, including biological, developmental, and personality sources. However, a number of investigations suggest that social factors also play an important role” (Burger et al., 2010, p. 228).

 

Multiple Authors:

  • Two authors: (Wegener & Petty, 1994). 
  • Three or more authors: (Harris et al., 2001)
Quick Guides from APA website [PDF]

 

Student Paper Format [PDF]
 Other Citation Resources and Guides

 

More Examples

Basic Form: 

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

 

Articles in a Scholarly Journal 

 

Eriksson D., de Andrade E., Bohanec B., Chatzopoulou S., Defez R., Eriksson N.L., van der Meer P., van der Meulen B., Ritala A., Sagi L., Schiemann J., Twardowski T., & Vanek T. (2021). Why the European Union needs a national GMO opt-in mechanism. Nature Biotechnology, 36(1), 18–19. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-020-00800-8

Parenthetical citation: (Eriksson et al., 2021)

Narrative citation: Eriksson et al. (2021)

 

Articles in another language: include the translation in brackets [  ]

 

Cortese, R. D. M., Martinelli, S. S., Fabri, R. K., Melgarejo, L., Nodari, R. O., & Cavalli, S. B. (2021). Reflexões sobre a proposta de modificação da regulamentação de rotulagem de alimentos transgênicos no Brasil [Reflections on the proposed amendment to the regulation of genetically modified food labeling in Brazil]. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 26(12), 6235–6246. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320212612.34772020

Parenthetical citation: (Cortese et al., 2021)

Narrative citation: Cortese et al. (2021)

Note: for more examples, see chapter 10 of the APA Manual.

Print Book

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher Name. DOI (if available)

 

Belcher, W. (2019). Writing your journal article in twelve weeks: A guide to academic publishing success (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.

An eBook

Author, A. A. (Year). Book Title. http://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxxxx OR URL of the home page of the e-book provider.

 

Rath, E. C. (2010). Food and fantasy in early modern Japan. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520947658

Article or Chapter in an Edited Book

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (pp. pages of chapter). Publisher. DOI (if available)

 

Aron, L., Botella, M., & Lubart, T. (2019). Culinary arts: Talent and their development. In R. F. Subotnik, P. Olszewski-Kubilius, & F. C. Worrell (Eds.), The psychology of high performance: Developing human potential into domain-specific talent (pp. 345–359). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000120-016

A Translation

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (T. Translator, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published YEAR) DOI (if available)

 

Coelho, P. (1993). The alchemist (A. R. Clarke, Trans.). HarperOne. (Original work published 1988)

Note: When you cite a republished work, like the one above, in your text, it should appear with both dates: Coelho (1988/1993)

Multivolume Work

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book in italics (Edition ed., Vol. volume number). Publisher. DOI (if available)

 

Duclos-Miller, P. A. (2006). How to cope with stress (2nd ed., Vol. 2). Greenwood. https://doi.org/10.1002/97804560

Check with your instructor if it is acceptable to use AI tools as an information source or as a writing assistant.

If you use an AI tool, such as, ChatGPT, you must cite it as any other source. Suggested Format: 

OpenAI. (Year). ChatGPT (Month Day version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com

 

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

 

Parenthetical citation: (OpenAI, 2023).

Narrative citation: OpenAI (2023).

Learn more about AI Writing Tools from Scribbr

Online News Article

 

The citation format for this type of source depends on whether it is from a website affiliated with a newspaper. If it is, the article title should not be formatted, but the name of the newspaper should be italicized.

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Title of the Newspaper. URL

 

Chen, B. X. (2025, April 15). Trump tariffs could raise iPhone prices, but affordable options remain. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/15/technology/personaltech/trump-tariffs-iphone-cost.html?smid=url-share

Richards, C. (2019, December 9). Best music of 2019: Lana Del Rey sings lullabies about the end of America. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/best-music-of-2019-lana-del-rey-sings-lullabies-about-the-end-of-america/2019/12/06/6e82c5ec-15d8-11ea-a659-7d69641c6ff7_story.html

However, if the source is not from a site linked to a newspaper, the article title should be italicized, while the website name remains unformatted.

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Name of publishing website. URL

 

Delouya, S. (2025, April 14). They tried to sell their homes without a real estate agent. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2025/04/14/economy/real-estate-realtor-for-sale-by-owner/index.html

Jones, J. (2022, February 28). Why flats dominate Spain's housing market. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20200506-why-do-flats-dominate-spains-housing-market

Check Purdue Owl for more examples. 

Entry in a Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia | PRINT

 

With a group author

Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work (edition, page numbers). Publisher name.

 

Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. (1997). Goat. In Merriam Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed., pp. 499-500). Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.

With an individual author

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Lastname (Ed.), Title of reference work (edition, page numbers). Publisher.

 

Tatum, S. R. (2009). Spirituality and religion in hip hop literature and culture. In T. L. Stanley (ed.), Encyclopedia of hip hop literature (pp. 250-252). Greenwood.

Entry in a Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia | ONLINE

 

With a group author

Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work. Retrieved from date URL

 

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Plagiarism. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved April 15, 2025, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plagiarism

Note: An online dictionary, thesaurus, or encyclopedia may be continuously updated and therefore not include a publication date. If that’s the case, use “n.d.” for the date and include the retrieval date in the citation. 

Known Author

Author Last Name, Author First Initial. (Year). Title of entry. In Editor First Initial. Editor Last Name (Ed.), Title of encyclopedia (edition, page numbers). Publisher.

 

Gourley, M.M., Mertz, L., & Wexler, B. (2020). Public health. In J.L. Longe (Ed.), The Gale encyclopedia of medicine (6th ed., vol. 7, pp. 4303-4306). Gale.

Martin, M. (2018). Animals. In L. A. Schintler & C. L. McNeely (Eds.), Encyclopedia of big data. SpringerLink. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32001-4_7-1

Citing Food Science Reference Module

Author's name. (Year). Title of Article. In Reference Module in Food Science. doi.

 

Day, L. (2016) Lipid Chemistry. In Reference Module in Food Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.00099-8 

Unknown Author
Title of entry. (Year). In Editor First Initial. Editor Last Name (Ed.), Title of encyclopedia (edition, page numbers). Publisher.

 

Anchored instruction. (2009). In E.M. Anderman & L.H. Anderman (Eds.), Psychology of classroom learning: An encyclopedia (vol. 1, pp. 34-36). Gale. 

Check Purdue Owl for more examples.

Video

 

Person or group who uploaded video. (Date of publication). Title of video [Video]. Website host. URL 

 

YouTube

Tasty. (2018, March 7). 7 recipes you can make in 5 minutes [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_5wHw6l11o

TED

Jones, R. (2019, January). The Future of Food. [Video]. TED. https://www.ted.com/talks/richard_jones_the_future_of_food

TED Talk from YouTube

TED. (2019, November 13). The danger of AI is weirder than you think | Janelle Shane [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhCzX0iLnOc‌

Photograph

 

Photographer, P. (Year of publication). Title of photograph [Photograph]. Source. URL

 

Ryan, S. (2019). Sea smoke on Lake Michigan [Photograph]. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/world/year-in-pictures.html

Webpage or Piece of Online Content 

Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site Name. URL

 

Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Medium. https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01

 

Group name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site Name. URL

 

American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November 21). Justice served: Case closed for over 40 dogfighting victims. https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed-over-40-dogfighting-victims

National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Mental health conditions. https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions

 

Title of page. (Year, Month Date). Site Name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

 

Tuscan white bean pasta. (2018, February 25). Budgetbytes. Retrieved March 18, 2020, from https://www.budgetbytes.com/tuscan-white-bean-pasta/

Note: If the page's author is not listed, start with the title instead. Additionally, include a retrieval date when the page's content is likely to change over time. If the date of publication is not listed, use the abbreviation (n.d.). 

Report by a Government Agency or Other Organization

Organization Name. (Year). Title of report. URL

 

United States Government Accountability Office. (2019). Performance and accountability report: Fiscal year 2019.  https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/702715.pdf

Report by Individual Authors at Government Agency or Other Organization

Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of report. Organization Name. URL

 

Palanker, D., Volk, J., Lucia, K., & Thomas, K. (2018). Mental health parity at risk: Deregulating the individual market and the impact on mental health coverage. National Alliance on Mental Illness. https://www.nami.org/About-NAMI/Publications-Reports/Public-Policy-Reports/Parity-at-Risk/ParityatRisk.pdf 

Getting Citations from Databases

Omnivore, Google Scholar, and library databases will provide citations for sources.

Search to find books and articles. Click CITE.  Select a Citation Style. Copy & paste or export. Proofread using the instructions on this guide.

Easily generate and copy a citation with the CITE button in Omnivore  

 


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